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The Committee of Concerned Scientists (CCS) is an independent international organization devoted to the protection and advancement of human rights and scientific freedom of scientists, physicians, and scholars. ==History== The Committee was formed in 1972 in Washington and New York as an ad hoc group of scientists and scholars concerned about violations of academic freedom and persecution of scientists around the world.〔Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. ( ''Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society''. ) MIT Press. March 2002. ISBN 978-0-262-19471-6; page 144.〕 (Sometimes the creation of the Committee is dated to 1973.〔Linda L. Lubrano. ''The political web of scientific cooperation between U.S.A. and USSR.'' In: (''Sectors of Mutual Benefit in U.S.-Soviet Relations''. ) Nish Jamgotch (Editor). Duke University Press. April 1985. ISBN 978-0-8223-0606-1; page 60.〕) Most of the activities of the Committee in the 1970s and 1980s were aimed to help refuseniks and dissident scholars in the Soviet Union and Soviet bloc countries.〔Robert Reinhold. "(Soviet Scientists Candor Earns U.S. Praise )." ''New York Times'' 26 September 1981.〕〔"(Making Helsinki matter )." ''New Leader'' 11 August 1986.〕〔"(A Refusenik Finds His Academic Refuge. USC Provides Mathematician a Sanctuary to Renew Research That Was Denied by Soviets )." ''Los Angeles Times'' 27 August 1986.〕〔(Soviet Union nondelivery of international mail : hearings before the Subcommittee on Investigations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, Ninety-sixth Congress, first session, on H. Con. Res. 58, July 2, 1979. ) U.S. Govt. Print. Off., Washington, 1979; pages 41-42.〕〔Yakov M. Rabkin, Twentieth Century Fund. ''Science between the superpowers.'' Priority Press, New York, 1988. ISBN 0-87078-223-1; page 84.〕〔(CCS Letter to Marshall W. Nirenberg, June 29, 1983. ) (The Marshall W. Nirenberg Papers. ) Profiles in Science. National Library of Medicine. Accessed June 28, 2008.〕 The Committee lobbied both the Soviet and western governments on behalf of these oppressed scholars, provided moral and financial support to them and organized conferences and meetings of refuseniks, including in the Soviet Union itself. Sometimes the Concerned Scientists Committee is credited with having coined the actual term "refusenik".〔Leo Calvin Rosten. (''The Joys of Yinglish''. ) McGraw-Hill, 1989. ISBN 0-07-053987-1; page 431.〕 The Committee played an active role in helping such Soviet dissidents as Andrei Sakharov, Natan Sharansky, Yuri Orlov, Benjamin Levich, and others.〔Gerhard Sonnert and Gerald James Holton. ( Ivory Bridges: Connecting Science and Society. ) MIT Press March 2002. ISBN 978-0-262-19471-6; page 144.〕 Subsequently CCS expanded its activities to pursue human rights and academic freedom issues in other countries. For example, CCS lobbied both the Chinese and the U.S. governments on behalf of the Chinese astrophysicist Fang Lizhi, who supported dissident students during the 1989 Tiananmen Square massacre. 〔Kirsty Sucato. (Q&A; An Advocate for Oppressed Scientists. ) ''New York Times'', March 14, 1999.〕 After his immigration to the U.S., Fang Lizhi served on the CCS himself.〔Hilary Poole (Editor). (''Human rights: the essential reference''. ) Greenwood Publishing Group. June 1999. ISBN 978-1-57356-205-8; page 189.〕 In 2001 the CCS lobbied the Russian government and the Russian President Vladimir Putin in support of a Russian scientist Igor Sutyagin, who was accused by the FSB (the successor agency to the KGB) of treason and espionage.〔(Joint Letter to President Vladimir Putin. ) American Physical Society. Accessed June 28, 2008〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Committee of Concerned Scientists」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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